Histological and anatomical variations of septomarginal trabecula in bovine hearts.

The use of hearts from different animals as models in the experimental pharmacology and surgical clinic has led, in recent years, to an increase on interest of research with this organ. The heart's conducting system, from the septomarginal trabecula, presents several variations, which generates numerous controversies in the literature. So, the objective of the present study is to analyse the morphology of the septomarginal trabecula of bovine hearts, identifying possible macro- and microscopic variations. Thirty-four bovine hearts were analysed. Each trabecula was analysed macroscopically to obtain an anatomical description and measurements of its length and thickness. For histological and morphometric analysis, the samples were fixed in Bouin's solution and then subjected to histological processing. In all the analysed bovine hearts, the septomarginal trabecula presented itself as a smooth, tubular meaty structure of muscular consistency, with variable length and diameter. The anatomical variations observed included a trabecula with forked marginal fixation, and single septal fixation, in addition to a trabecula with extremely reduced or excessively thick caliber. The septomarginal trabecula consists of cardiac muscle fibres, connective tissue, vascular tissue and conduction myofibrils or Purkinje fibres. In the samples of smaller thicknesses, there was a predominance of connective tissue and scarce cardiac muscle tissue, whereas in the thicker samples the predominance was of cardiac striated muscle tissue. Therefore, there are significant macro- and microscopic differences between the bovine septomarginal trabecula concerning their diameter and constituent tissue, and that can lead to possible changes in cardiac physiology.

A study on the prevalence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle by magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the elbow area to quantify the presence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle. METHODS: A total of 232 exams were analyzed; 218 were included, of which 141 were of men and 77, women. RESULTS: Presence of the muscle was observed in 29 cases (13.3%), demonstrating that the presence of this muscle on images does not have a statistical correlation with the gender or age of the individual. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle is variable, without a pattern of normality.

OBJETIVO: Analisar imagens de ressonância magnética da região do cotovelo para quantificar a presença o músculo ancôneo epitroclear. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 232 exames, foram incluídos 218, dos quais 141 eram homens e 77 mulheres. RESULTADOS: Observou-se a presença do músculo em 29 casos (13,3%), a presença desse músculo em imagens não apresentou correlação estatística com o gênero ou com a idade do indivíduo. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência do músculo ancôneo epitroclear é variável, sem a presença de um padrão de normalidade.

A study on the prevalence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle by magnetic resonance imaging / Estudo da prevalência do músculo ancôneo epitroclear por ressonância magnética

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the elbow area to quantify the presence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle. Methods A total of 232 exams were analyzed; 218 were included, of which 141 were of men and 77, women. Results Presence of the muscle was observed in 29 cases (13.3%), demonstrating that the presence of this muscle on images does not have a statistical correlation with the gender or age of the individual. Conclusion The prevalence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle is variable, without a pattern of normality.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar imagens de ressonância magnética da região do cotovelo para quantificar a presença o músculo ancôneo epitroclear. Métodos Foram analisados 232 exames, foram incluídos 218, dos quais 141 eram homens e 77 mulheres. Resultados Observou-se a presença do músculo em 29 casos (13,3%), a presença desse músculo em imagens não apresentou correlação estatística com o gênero ou com a idade do indivíduo. Conclusão A prevalência do músculo ancôneo epitroclear é variável, sem a presença de um padrão de normalidade.

Dupla variação anatômica vascular em um único indivíduo: estudo morfométrico / Dual vascular anatomical variation in a single individual: morphometric study

INTRODUÇÃO: Variações anatômicas são pequenas diferenças morfológicas congênitas que aparecem nos diferentes sistemas orgânicos, as quais não acarretam prejuízo ou distúrbio funcional para o indivíduo. No que diz respeito aos vasos sanguíneos, alterações no desenvolvimento embriológico podem gerar duplicidade de vasos, agenesia ou ocasionar o surgimento de artérias e o desembocar de veias fora da descrição anatômica padrão. RELATO DE CASO: Foi observada dupla variação anatômica vascular em um indivíduo durante uma dissecação de rotina no Laboratório de Anatomia do Centro Universitário São Camilo. A artéria renal principal tinha origem na parte abdominal da artéria aorta seguindo até sua entrada no hilo renal, porém, em vez de um trajeto retilíneo a partir da aorta, a mesma possuía um trajeto descendente e bem angulado. A partir da artéria renal principal surgia uma artéria polar aberrante que entrava no polo inferior do rim direito. Em um nível mais inferior, na altura da bifurcação da aorta, originava-se outra artéria polar aberrante que entrava no hilo renal, seguindo um trajeto retilíneo até o polo inferior do rim direito. A artéria hepática comum originava-se no tronco celíaco seguindo até sua entrada na porta do fígado. A artéria mesentérica superior possuía origem no tronco celíaco. A artéria hepática direita originava-se na artéria mesentérica superior. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo das variações anatômicas constitui-se tarefa árdua em virtude das inúmeras expressões diferentes que ocorrem no corpo humano, porém, o conhecimento dessas variações é de extrema valia para a clínica e o planejamento cirúrgico, garantindo a precisão e evitando complicações pós-cirúrgicas ou diagnósticos errôneos.

INTRODUCTION: Anatomical variations are small congenital morphological differences that appear in different organ systems, which do not result in damage or functional disturbance for the individual. When it comes to blood vessels, alterations in embryological development may lead to the duplicity and the agenesis of vessels, or cause the emergence of arteries and the disembogue of vessels not according to the standard anatomical description. CASE REPORT: Dual anatomical variation in an individual was observed during a routine dissection in the Laboratory of Anatomy of the Centro Universitário São Camilo. The main renal artery originated in the abdominal part of the aorta artery, following its path until its entry in the renal hilum. However, instead of a rectilinear path from the aorta, it had a descending and well-angulated path. From the main renal artery, an aberrant polar artery emerged, that entered the inferior pole of the right kidney. At a lower level, on the same level as the bifurcation of the aorta, another aberrant polar artery emerged, which entered the renal hilum following a straight path to the inferior pole of the right kidney. The common hepatic artery was originated in the celiac trunk, following its path until its entrance in the porta hepatis. The superior mesenteric artery was originated in the celiac trunk. The right hepatic artery was originated in the superior mesenteric artery. CONCLUSION: The study of anatomical variations is an arduous task due to the innumerable different expressions that occur in the human body. However, the knowledge of these variations is extremely valuable for medicine and surgical planning,assuring accuracy and avoiding postoperative complications or erroneous diagnoses.

Rare anatomical variation of the musculocutaneous nerve - case report.

The clinical and surgical importance of anatomical knowledge of the musculocutaneous nerve and its variations is due to the fact that one of the complications in many upper-limb surgical procedures involves injury to this nerve. During routine dissection of the right upper limb of a male cadaver, we observed an anatomical variation of this nerve. The musculocutaneous nerve originated in the lateral cord and continued laterally, passing under the coracobrachialis muscle and then continuing until its first branch to the biceps brachialis muscle. Just after this, it supplied another two branches, i.e. the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm and a branch to the brachialis muscle, and then it joined the median nerve. The median nerve followed the arm medially to the region of the cubital fossa and then gave rise to the anterior intermediate nerve of the forearm. The union between the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve occurred approximately at the midpoint of the arm and the median nerve. Given that either our example is not covered by the classifications found in the literature or that it fits into more than one variation proposed, without us finding something truly similar, we consider this variation to be rare.

A importância clínica e cirúrgica do conhecimento anatômico do nervo musculocutâneo e de suas variações deve-se ao fato de que uma das complicações em diversos procedimentos cirúrgicos do membro superior envolve sua lesão. Em uma dissecação de rotina do membro superior direito de um cadáver masculino observamos uma variação anatômica desse nervo. O nervo musculocutâneo originou-se no fascículo lateral, seguiu lateralmente, passou sob o músculo coracobraquial e seguiu até seu primeiro ramo para o músculo bíceps braquial. Logo após forneceu mais dois ramos, o nervo cutâneo lateral do antebraço e um ramo para o músculo braquial, e então uniu-se ao nervo mediano. O nervo mediano seguiu medialmente no braço até a região da fossa cubital e deu então origem ao nervo intermédio anterior do antebraço. A união do nervo musculocutâneo com o nervo mediano aconteceu aproximadamente no ponto médio do braço e do nervo mediano. Tendo em vista que as classificações encontradas na literatura ou não abrangem nosso exemplo ou o mesmo se adequa a mais do que uma variação proposta, sem que tenhamos encontrado alguma fielmente semelhante, consideramos essa variação como rara.

Rare anatomical variation of the musculocutaneous nerve - case report / Rara variação anatômica do nervo musculocutâneo - Relato de caso

The clinical and surgical importance of anatomical knowledge of the musculocutaneous nerve and its variations is due to the fact that one of the complications in many upper-limb surgical procedures involves injury to this nerve. During routine dissection of the right upper limb of a male cadaver, we observed an anatomical variation of this nerve. The musculocutaneous nerve originated in the lateral cord and continued laterally, passing under the coracobrachialis muscle and then continuing until its first branch to the biceps brachialis muscle. Just after this, it supplied another two branches, i.e. the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm and a branch to the brachialis muscle, and then it joined the median nerve. The median nerve followed the arm medially to the region of the cubital fossa and then gave rise to the anterior intermediate nerve of the forearm. The union between the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve occurred approximately at the midpoint of the arm and the median nerve. Given that either our example is not covered by the classifications found in the literature or that it fits into more than one variation proposed, without us finding something truly similar, we consider this variation to be rare.

A importância clínica e cirúrgica do conhecimento anatômico do nervo musculocutâneo e de suas variações deve-se ao fato de que uma das complicações em diversos procedimentos cirúrgicos do membro superior envolve sua lesão. Em uma dissecação de rotina do membro superior direito de um cadáver masculino observamos uma variação anatômica desse nervo. O nervo musculocutâneo originou-se no fascículo lateral, seguiu lateralmente, passou sob o músculo coracobraquial e seguiu até seu primeiro ramo para o músculo bíceps braquial. Logo após forneceu mais dois ramos, o nervo cutâneo lateral do antebraço e um ramo para o músculo braquial, e então uniu-se ao nervo mediano. O nervo mediano seguiu medialmente no braço até a região da fossa cubital e deu então origem ao nervo intermédio anterior do antebraço. A união do nervo musculocutâneo com o nervo mediano aconteceu aproximadamente no ponto médio do braço e do nervo mediano. Tendo em vista que as classificações encontradas na literatura ou não abrangem nosso exemplo ou o mesmo se adequa a mais do que uma variação proposta, sem que tenhamos encontrado alguma fielmente semelhante, consideramos essa variação como rara.

Metric analysis of basal sphenoid angle in adult human skulls.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the variations in the angle basal sphenoid skulls of adult humans and their relationship to sex, age, ethnicity and cranial index. METHODS: The angles were measured in 160 skulls belonging to the Museum of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo Department of Morphology. We use two flexible rules and a goniometer, having as reference points for the first rule the posterior end of the ethmoidal crest and dorsum of the sella turcica, and for the second rule the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and clivus, measuring the angle at the intersection of two. RESULTS: The average angle was 115.41°, with no statistical correlation between the value of the angle and sex or age. A statistical correlation was noted between the value of the angle and ethnicity, and between the angle and the horizontal cranial index. CONCLUSION: The distribution of the angle basal sphenoid was the same in sex, and there was correlation between the angle and ethnicity, being the proportion of non-white individuals with an angle >125° significantly higher than that of whites with an angle >125°. There was correlation between the angle and the cranial index, because skulls with higher cranial index tend to have higher basiesfenoidal angle too.

Metric analysis of basal sphenoid angle in adult human skulls / Análise métrica do ângulo basiesfenoidal em crânios de humanos adultos

Objective To analyze the variations in the angle basal sphenoid skulls of adult humans and their relationship to sex, age, ethnicity and cranial index. Methods The angles were measured in 160 skulls belonging to the Museum of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo Department of Morphology. We use two flexible rules and a goniometer, having as reference points for the first rule the posterior end of the ethmoidal crest and dorsum of the sella turcica, and for the second rule the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and clivus, measuring the angle at the intersection of two. Results The average angle was 115.41°, with no statistical correlation between the value of the angle and sex or age. A statistical correlation was noted between the value of the angle and ethnicity, and between the angle and the horizontal cranial index. Conclusions The distribution of the angle basal sphenoid was the same in sex, and there was correlation between the angle and ethnicity, being the proportion of non-white individuals with an angle >125° significantly higher than that of whites with an angle >125°. There was correlation between the angle and the cranial index, because skulls with higher cranial index tend to have higher basiesfenoidal angle too. .

Objetivo Analisar as variações do ângulo basiesfenoidal em crânios de humanos adultos e sua relação com sexo, idade, etnia e índice crânico horizontal. Métodos Os ângulos foram medidos em 160 crânios pertencentes ao Museu do Departamento de Morfologia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Utilizamos duas réguas milimetradas flexíveis e um goniômetro, tendo como pontos de referência para a primeira régua a extremidade posterior da crista etmoidal e o dorso da sela turca, e, para a segunda régua, a margem anterior do forame magno e o clivo, medindo o ângulo na intersecção das duas. Resultados A média dos ângulos foi de 115,41°, não havendo correlação estatística entre o valor do ângulo e o sexo ou a idade. Houve correlação estatística entre o valor do ângulo e a etnia, e entre o ângulo e o índice crânico horizontal. Conclusão A distribuição do ângulo basiesfenoidal foi a mesma entre os sexos, havendo correlação entre o ângulo e a etnia, e sendo a proporção de indivíduos não brancos com ângulo >125° significativamente maior que a de indivíduos brancos com ângulo >125°. Houve correlação entre o ângulo e o índice crânico horizontal, pois crânios com maior índice crânico horizontal tenderam a um ângulo basiesfenoidal maior. .

Bilateral Duplication of Gonadal Veins: a Case Report / Duplicación Bilateral de las Venas Gonadales: Reporte de Caso

The duplication of gonadal vessels is mainly found on the left side, with less numbers of bilateral cases. The objective of this work is describing a case of bilateral duplication of gonadal veins, where two veins were draining to inferior vena cava, being that the closest vein of kidney medial margin had a thickness of 2.68mm and was distant 64.41 mm of the organ. The second vessel had a thickness of 1.43mm and was distant 73.76mm. Two veins follow to left renal vein, being that the first vessel had a thickness of 2.7mm and was distant 21.8mm of the kidney medial margin; the other had a thickness of 1.64mm and was distant 35.13mm of the organ. The presence of variations on the local of drainage of gonadal vessels has clinical importance for comprehension of origin of varicocele cases, as well as the recurrence of them after surgical procedures.

La duplicación de las venas gonadales es más común en el lado izquierdo, con pocos casos bilaterales. El propósito de este reporte fue describir el caso de una duplicación bilateral de las venas gonadales, dos de las cuales desembocaban en la vena cava inferior. El vaso próximo del margen medial del riñon tenía un diámetro de 2,68mm y una longitud de 64,41 mm. La segunda vena tenía un diámetro de 1,43 mm y una longitud de 73,76 mm. Los dos vasos desembocaban en la vena renal izquierda. La primera vena tenía un diámetro de 2,7 mm y estaba a 21,8 mm del margen medial del riñon. La otra tenía un diámetro de 1,64 mm y se se localizaba a 35,13 mm del margen medial del riñon. La presencia de variaciones donde se produce el drenaje de los vasos gonadales tiene importancia clínica para la comprensión del origen del varicocele y la recurrencia del mismo, después de procedimientos quirúrgicos.

The presence of accessory soleus muscle in humans.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of the accessory soleus muscle in humans and according to gender. METHODS: A total of 154 magnetic resonance images of the ankle were assessed in T1 weighted sagittal, coronal and axial planes. RESULTS: An incidence of 11.6% of accessory soleus muscle in humans was observed; in that, 7.8% in males and 15.6% in females. CONCLUSION: The accessory soleus muscle incidence was 11.6% in the samples studied and it was more often present in females.

Analysis on the incidence of the fibularis quartus muscle using magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective. Quantify the presence of the fibularis quartus muscle and correlate it with the individual's sex and concomitant presence of the fibularis tertius muscle. Materials and Methods. We evaluated 211 magnetic resonance examinations (43.13% men and 56.87% women) on the ankle and hindfoot, produced between 2009 and 2011. Results. The fourth fibularis muscle was found to be present in 7.62% of the examinations and 75% of these also contained the fibularis tertius muscle. Conclusion. The incidence of the fourth fibularis muscle is variable; moreover, its incidence does not depend on the individual's gender or the presence of the fibularis tertius muscle.

The presence of accessory soleous muscle in humans / Estudo da presença do músculo sóleo acessório em humanos

Objective: To verify the prevalence of the accessory soleus muscle in humans and according to gender. Methods: A total of 154 magnetic resonance images of the ankle were assessed in T1 weighted sagittal, coronal and axial planes. Results: An incidence of 11.6% of accessory soleus muscle in humans was observed; in that, 7.8% in males and 15.6% in females. Conclusion: The accessory soleus muscle incidence was 11.6% in the samples studied and it was more often present in females.

Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência do músculo sóleo acessório em humanos e em relação ao gênero. Métodos: Foram observadas 154 imagens de ressonância magnética do tornozelo em cortes sagitais, coronais e axiais ponderadas em T1. Resultados: Observamos a incidência de 11,6% do músculo sóleo acessório em humanos - 7,8% em indivíduos do gênero masculino e 15,6% em indivíduos do gênero feminino. Conclusão: O músculo sóleo acessório teve incidência de 11,6% nas amostras estudadas e sua presença foi maior em indivíduos do gênero feminino.

Anatomical indicators of dominance between the coronary arteries of dogs / Indicadores anatómicos de la dominancia en las arterias coronarias de perros

In humans, the right coronary artery is dominant. However, we did not find any citations in the literature concerning anatomical indicators of dominance among dogs. We used 30 hearts from mongrels of both sexes, fixed in 10 percent formalin. The branches of the coronary arteries were dissected with special attention to the levels that were considered to be reference points. In 96.7 percent, the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery reached or went beyond the crux cordis. The subsinuosus interventricular artery, ended before reaching the apex in 21 cases, at the apex in five cases and after the apex in four cases. The paraconal interventricular artery, ended before reaching the apex in two cases, at the apex in 11 cases and after the apex in 17 cases. The region of the heart apex was irrigated by branches of the left coronary artery, through the paraconal interventricular branch or through both of the interventricular branches. The mean length and number of ventricular branches of the left coronary artery were greater than those of the right coronary artery. The subsinuosus interventricular branch is a branch of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. In the hearts of dogs, the left coronary artery is dominant. The dominance pattern in dogs is different from the dominance pattern in human that is mentioned in the specialized literature.

En los corazones humanos la dominancia coronaria es derecha. Sin embargo, no encontramos referencias en la literatura sobre los indicadores de esta dominancia en perros. Utilizamos 30 corazones de perros de ambos sexos y raza mixta, fijados en formaldeído al 10 por ciento. Las ramas de las arterias coronarias fueron disecadas con especial atención a los niveles considerados como referencias. En 96,7 por ciento de los corazones, la rama circunfleja de la arteria coronaria izquierda excedió o llegó a la crux cordis. La arteria interventricular subsinuosa, terminó antes de llegar al ápice en 21 casos, en el ápice en 5 casos y después del ápice en 4 casos. La arteria interventricular paraconal, terminó antes de llegar al ápice en 2 casos, en el ápice en 11 casos y después del ápice en 17 casos. La región del ápice del corazón estaba irrigada por ramas de la arteria coronaria izquierda a través de la rama interventricular paraconal o a través de los dos ramas interventriculares. La longitud media y el número de ramas ventriculares de la arteria coronaria izquierda son más grandes que las ramas de la arteria coronaria derecha. La rama interventricular subsinuosa es una rama de la rama circunfleja de la arteria coronaria izquierda. En los corazones de los perros, sin embargo, la dominancia es izquierda. La norma de dominancia en los perros es diferente de la norma de dominancia en humanos encontrada en la literatura.

Anatomical study on coronary arteries in dogs

Coronary arteries from dogs are often used in experiments on the action of drugs, for clinical observations and surgical applications. The objective here was to observe the frequency, morphometry, quantity and destination of coronary artery branches, and the endings of these branches. Methods: For this anatomical study on coronary arteries, thirty hearts from mongrel dogs of various ages and both sexes were used, fixed in 10% formalin. The coronary arteries and their branches were dissected as far as the ends of the macroscopically visible ramifications. Results: There was one left coronary artery ending in two (86.7%) or three (13.3%) branches. The paraconal interventricular branch, of length 5.6-8.7 cm, issued 5 to 14 branches, 49.5% to the right ventricle and 50.5% to the left ventricle. The circumflex branch, of length 3.3-6.7 cm, issued 3 to 12 branches to the left ventricle (59.4%) and 1 to 6 branches to the left atrium (40.6%). There was one right coronary artery, of length 1.0-7.2 cm, which issued 6 to 21 branches: 61.1% to the right ventricle and 2 to 9 branches to the right atrium. The subsinuosal interventricular branch, of length 1.0-6.2 cm, issued 1-8 branches: 59.6% to the right ventricle and 40.4% to the left ventricle. Conclusions: Comparison between the results obtained from the present study and the results found in the specialized literature indicates that the distribution of the coronary branches in dogs and humans not is similar (AU)

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Anatomy of the septomarginal trabecula in goat hearts.

Our aim in this study was to examine the right septomarginal trabecula of goats regarding the frequency, origin course of the septal and free component, attachment to the papillaris magnus muscle and size . The material used consisted in 32 hearts from non-pedigree goats of both sexes, preserved in 10% formalin. The right septomarginal trabecula was present in all hearts. It could also present a prominence in the form of a cord in the septum before detaching and going towards the wall or the papillary muscle. We called this a septal component and found it in 69% of all hearts studied. In the remaining specimens, the exit of the septomarginal trabecula was abrupt, without presenting a septal component. It could be attached solely to the papillaris magnus muscle or to the papillary muscle and the ventricle wall, originated in the cranial third of the septum, and was attached to the middle third of the papillary muscle or its caudal third. Its free part, from the septum to the papillaris magnus muscle, ranged in length from 1.3 cm to 2.6 cm. The mean value was 1.7 cm, and the most frequent values were 1.9 and 1.5 cm. In conclusion, in goats, the septomarginal trabecula is a constant and invariable structure.

Morphometry of the human bicipital groove (sulcus intertubercularis).

BACKGROUND: The bicipital groove is located between the greater and lesser tubercles at the proximal extremity of the humerus and extends inferiorly. Citations that anatomic variations of the groove could give rise to sliding of the biceps brachii muscle tendon led us to initiate a morphometric study on this groove. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was done on 50 dry humeral bones from adults of both genders and from both sides. A digital caliper rule was used to measure the length, thickness and width of the bicipital groove and the humerus. The angles of the bicipital groove were measured with a goniometer. RESULTS: The average length of the groove was 8.1 cm and it corresponded to 25.2% of the length of the humerus. The width at the midpoint of the groove was 10.1 mm and corresponded to 49.7% to 54.5% of the width of the humerus. The depth was 4.0 mm and corresponded to 18.8% of the depth of the humerus. The mean angle formed by the groove lips was 106 degrees . CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the variability of the measurements presented by the groove in relation to all the aspects considered. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Basic Science.

Ausencia de inserción de las cuerdas tendinosas en los músculos papilares del ventrículo derecho de la cabra / Tendinous chords not inserted in the papillary muscles of the right ventricle of goats

A menudo se describe que la trabécula septomarginal derecha del corazón de las cabras presenta cuerdastendinosas. Sin embargo, en nuestras disecciones este no es un hallazgo frecuente en otras especies animales y elpresente trabajo se diseño para comprobar si las cuerdas tendinosas en esta especie se originan directamente deltabique interventricular. El material utilizado fueron 32 corazones de cabras de ambos sexos, de raza mestiza,conservados en formol al 10%. El ventrículo derecho se abrió mediante un corte en el punto central del troncopulmonar y continuando a través del cono arterioso hasta el borde derecho. Nuestros resultados mostraron que68,8% de los corazones presentaban al menos una larga cuerda tendinosa saliendo de la trabécula septomarginal.El origen fue predominantemente en el tercio de la trabécula cerca del tabique (58,3%), destinadas a la valvaseptal y fi jas en su borde libre (87,5%). La presencia de cuerdas tendinosas originándose directamente del ladoderecho del tabique interventricular se observó en 59,4% de los corazones. Estas son cortas aunque predominanen la región craneodorsal del tabique interventricular (76,7%). Ellas se fi jan a la valva septal (96,8%) y estándestinadas al borde libre (80%). La presencia de cuerdas tendinosas en la trabécula septomarginal no tienerelación con la presencia o ausencia de las cuerdas tendinosas en el tabique(AU)

The right septomarginal trabecula in goats frequently presents tendinous chords emerging from it. Sincewe had not observed such great occurrences in any other animal in which we had investigated the trabecula,we decided to conduct this study with the aim of establishing possible relationships with tendinous chords thatemerge directly from the interventricular septum. The material used consisted of 32 hearts from non-pedigreegoats of both sexes, conserved in 10% formalin. The right ventricle was opened by means of an incision startingat the central point of the pulmonary trunk and continuing through the arterial cone to the right margin. Ourresults demonstrated that 68.8% of the specimens presented at least one long tendinous cord emerging fromthe septomarginal trabecula. This emergence occurred predominantly in the third of the trabecula closest to theseptum (58.3%) and the cord headed to the septal cusp and attached to its free margin (87.5%). The presence oftendinous chords emerging directly from the right side of the interventricular septum was found in 59.4% of thespecimens. These were short, because they were predominantly in the craniodorsal region of the interventricularseptum (76.7%). They attached to the septal cusp (96.8%) and headed for the free margin (80%). The presenceof tendinous chords in the septomarginal trabecula was unrelated to the presence or absence or tendinous chordsin the septum(AU)

Sagittal suture of the human cranium and the time of closing / Sutura sagital en el cráneo humano y el tiempo de cierre

The observation of the stage of ossification of the sagittal suture has been adopted as possible approach of age evaluation in anthropology and legal medicine, as area of cranial pathologies: craniosynostosis and scaphocephaly and as diagnosis resource in tomographies. Regarding it, we found many controversies in the specialized literature, thus we decided to accomplish this research with the following objectives: to examine the ossification of the external surface of the sagittal suture, observing eventual differences due to age, sex and ethnic group. Our material consists of 88 dry craniums of variable ages, both sexes belonging to the ethnic groups: white and black. In that material we observed that: with progression of age, the relation between age and stage of ossification of the sagittal suture stops existing. The statistical analysis didn't demonstrate significant differences between sexes and ethnic groups in the stages of ossification of the sagittal suture. The ossification of the sagittal suture starts developing from the posterior third.

La observación de los estados de osificación de la sutura sagital han sido adoptados como posibles criterios de evaluación de la edad en Antropología y Medicina Legal, como un área de patologías craneales: craneosinostosis, escafocefalia y como recursos diagnóstico en tomografias. Encontramos muchas controversias en la literatura especializada, por lo tanto, decidimos realizar esta investigación con el objetivo de examinar la osificación de la superficie externa de la sutura sagital, observando eventuales diferencias debidas a la edad, sexo y grupo étnico. Nuestro material se componía de 88 cráneos secos de individuos de diferentes edades, de ambos sexos, pertenecientes a los grupos étnicos blancos y negros. En el material se observó: progresión de la edad y relación entre la edad y la etapa de osificación de la sutura sagital. El análisis estadístico no demostró diferencias significativas entre sexos y grupos étnicos en las etapas de la osificación de la sutura sagital. La osificación de la sutura sagital comienza a producirse desde el tercio posterior.

A importância da investigação de variações anatômicas das células etmoidais através da tomografia computadorizada no planejamentoda cirurgia endoscópica nasal: [revisão] / The importance of investigation of anatomic variations in the ethmoid cells by computerized tomography in the planning of endoscopic nasal surgery: [review]

As células etmoidais compreendem diversas cavidades que podem apresentar variações anatômicasnos indivíduos. Algumas variações merecem atenção quando associadas a sinusopatias e à necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica. A tomografia computadorizada, considerada padrão-ouro na investigação de doenças da cavidade nasal e no mapeamento anatômico dos seios paranasais, oferece informações acerca da anatomia das células etmoidais, essenciais para a minimização dos riscos cirúrgicos. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de, mediante revisão bibliográfica, avaliar aimportância da tomografia computadorizada na investigação de variações anatômicas das célulasetmoidais para o planejamento pré-cirúrgico. Células não recorrentes, como as células de Haller, célula de Onodi e a aeração do agger nasi, permitem que a abordagem endoscópica seja planejada com cautela. A avaliação do teto etmoidal resulta em maior segurança quanto aos limites superiores da fossa nasal. O tamanho e o nível de pneumatização da bolha etmoidal, da crista etmoidal e da concha nasal média são importantes ao se avaliar os acessos endoscópicos, a gravidade dadoença, e até mesmo sua origem.

The ethmoidal cells comprise many cavities that show many anatomicalvariations. Some of these variations deserve special attention when associated with sinusitis and the need of surgery. Computed tomography, considered a gold standard on the pathological investigation of the nasal cavity and the anatomic descriptionof paranasal sinus, offers informations about these cells, essential to minimize the surgical risks. The authors present a bibliographic revision of the importance of computed tomography on the investigation of anatomic variations of ethmoid cells. Not recurrent cells in all individuals, like Haller's cells, Onodi's cells and pneumatization of agger nasi, will do the endoscopic approach withprecaution. The ethmoidal roof evaluation will result in more safetyon the upper limits of the nasal cavity. The size and pneumatization level of ethmoidal bulla, ethmoidal crest, and middle nasal concha are important on the evaluation of the endoscopic accesses and the gravity of the striked pathology and even diagnose your origin.

Estudo anatômico das artérias coronárias em caprinos / Anatomic study of coronary arteries in goats

A utilização de artérias coronárias de caprinos em pesquisas experimentais com objetivos de futuras aplicações em coronárias humanas motivou o interesse em verificar semelhanças ou diferenças morfológicas das artérias coronárias de caprinos com os citados na literatura para humanos. Foram utilizados 31 corações de caprinos SRD pesando de 76,5-107,7g fixados em formalina a 10 por cento. As artérias coronárias e seus ramos eram dissecados até as ramificações visíveis sob o pericárdio. A artéria coronária esquerda presente em todos os corações era única. Seu comprimento situou-se entre 8 mm e 17mm, terminava formando os ramos: interventricular paraconal e circunflexo (90,3 por cento) ou interventricular paraconal, circunflexo e angular (9,7 por cento). O ramo interventricular paraconal, presente em todos os corações era único. Seu comprimento variou de 80 a 140mm, emitia média de 12 ramos. O ventrículo direito recebia 49,5 por cento dos ramos e o ventrículo esquerdo, 50,5 por cento, dos ramos. Essa artéria podia terminar antes de atingir o ápice do coração (22,5 por cento), no próprio ápice (22,5 por cento) ou então passava pelo ápice e terminava no sulco interventricular subsinuoso (55 por cento). O ramo circunflexo era único, comprimento variou de 61 a 106mm, emitia média de 8,2 ramos. O ventrículo esquerdo recebia 53,4 por cento dos ramos e o átrio esquerdo, 46,6 por cento. Em todos os casos essa artéria chegava e ultrapassava a Crux cordis. A artéria coronária direita, presente em todos os corações, era única. Seu comprimento variou de 35 a 86mm, emitia a média de 8,6 ramos. O ventrículo direito recebia 56,1 por cento, dos ramos e o átrio direito 43,9 por cento. Em geral era a própria artéria que se comportava como ramo marginal direito. A artéria coronária direita não atingia a Crux cordis em 93,5 por cento. O ramo interventricular subsinuoso da artéria circunflexa podia ser: a) ramo longo ocupando a maior parte do sulco; b) ramo curto ...

The coronary arteries of the goats have been used to researches about to pharmacological actions, heart failure after connection of coronary arteries and others. Twenty-seven goat hearts, both sexes, fixed in formalin at 10 percent has been used in this study that analyzed the coronary arteries pattern in goats and if the same is similar to the human coronary arteries pattern. The left coronary artery is dominant and in relation to the length demonstrated average 1.15cm emitting two branches: interventricular paraconalis and circumflex. The interventricular paraconalis branch with average length 10.5cm issued branches to the both ventricles fairly, ending more frequently in the interventricular subsinuosis sulcus. The circumflex branch with average length 8.5cm issued branches to left ventricle and right atrium fairly. The left marginal branch is not constant. The right coronary artery, with average length 6.1cm issued branches to right ventricle and right atrium fairly, but the interventricular subsinuosis branch with average length 3.1cm is variable and can present one long branch, one short branch or one double branch, with the huge part for the right ventricle.